Professional dominatrix Madelaine Thomas is far from your standard startup entrepreneur. After multiple occurrences of individuals distributing her private explicit images, she was "sufficiently outraged to take action" and looked to tech solutions for a solution.
"These were striking images, I'm not ashamed of the pictures, I'm ashamed of the manner that they were weaponized by someone who I don't know," said Madelaine.
Just over a year after launching her venture, Image Angel, which employs invisible forensic watermarking to track perpetrators, has won several awards and was recommended as best practice in an independent pornography review earlier this year.
This marks quite a departure from her previous career in providing consensual sexual encounters, dominating clients in the realms of BDSM.
Intimate image abuse, commonly known as image-based abuse, is a punishable crime with perpetrators facing up to two years in prison.
It is far from an issue exclusively faced by those in the adult entertainment sector. A report suggests that around 1.42% of the UK female population is impacted by intimate image abuse on an annual basis.
Madelaine, 37, explained survivors endured shame and stigma. "In my view a lot of people will say, 'you put a saucy picture out on the internet, what do you anticipate?'," she said.
"I expect respect, I expect respect, and I expect trust, and I fail to understand why those are up for debate," she added. "The fact that those images could be subsequently distributed where I live or with my loved ones and used to hurt them, that's beyond, that's not a decision I made, that's not my mistake, that's an individual committing abuse."
Madelaine has been working as a dominatrix, mainly online, for a decade and consistently found her work liberating and satisfying. "I am as a dominant woman, a woman who is confident and powerful, giving my body as a treat to someone of my own volition," she described.
"People think it's unusual but I don't see it any differently to a personal trainer or an financial advisor giving advice," she added.
She welcomes being a unique figure in the world of tech. "I understand that it's unconventional, it's remarkable to think that someone who was a dominatrix is now a founder of a tech company, but it took someone who has experienced it firsthand to know the loopholes and the modifications that were necessary," she stated.
She insisted she was not in the least bit techy and was able to build her company after many late nights, research and "consulting experts" who know about tech.
Image Angel can be implemented on any digital service where people share images, for instance dating apps, social networks and online sites.
When an image is viewed by a viewer, it is seamlessly tagged with an undetectable digital marker which is specific to that viewer.
This invisible watermark is embedded into the digital file of the image itself and can survive screen shots, being edited and being re-captured with a secondary device.
It ensures that if you discover your image has been circulated non-consensually, as long as the service you used has the system integrated, the sharer's information will be hidden within the image and can be retrieved by a data recovery specialist so action can be taken.
To date, one platform has adopted her tech and she's in talks with many others.
"The system already exists in Hollywood, it is employed in live television so this is not brand new technology, it's just a novel use and a different framework," said Madelaine.
"And we've tested it, we're partnering with a company that has decades of expertise in developing technology so we are confident that this is solid and what we now need to do is deploy it widely," she added.
She said she believed the technology would also act as a preventive measure to would-be intimate image abusers.
An expert from a leading helpline said she had seen directly the panic, distress and self-blame intimate image abuse caused for victims.
"When that guilt is reinforced by a misinformed friend or service who says 'well, why did you take those images in the first place?' that self blame can really be deepened so it's crucial that the response a victim receives is that they have not done anything wrong," she emphasized.
She noted it was fantastic that Madelaine was using her experience to bring about change, saying: "It is vital to have this comprehensive strategy towards addressing tech facilitated gender-based abuse, because no one tool is going to be able to solve this problem, not just support services, it needs to be this integrated effort."
TV presenter Jess Davies was only fifteen when images of her in a state of undress were circulated within her local community. It was the beginning of multiple violations Jess endured in her teens and 20s that would later shape her women's rights campaigning.
"It took so long, too long for someone to tell me, 'you are not to blame' and 'that shouldn't have happened'," said Jess.
She too is passionate about eliminating the shame of this crime from the survivors to the offenders. "It isn't a crime to willingly share an photo to someone," said Jess.
"However, it is illegal to circulate that without consent and I think that should always be where the responsibility is," she affirmed.
Elara Vance is a digital marketing strategist with over 8 years of experience, specializing in SEO and content creation for tech startups.